Product Life Cycle (PLC): Strength and weakness

Product Life Cycle (PLC): Strength and weakness Introduction: Marketing is a process which is based on communication and whereby individuals obtain what they need through others creating or exchanging products and value with them. For companies to sell their products, marketing is the most important factor to reach out to customers as Kotler Armstrong, (2008) define. This essay presents the product life cycle and focuses on its strength and weakness points. The concept of Product Life Cycle (PLC): Product life cycle (PLC): is an idea from cradle to grave and considered sales record of a product time. PLC has four hypotheses: 1. a limitation life of products, 2. each phase has its own different features such as: methods of sales, 3. profits variation throughout the life cycle, 4. strategic methods used at each stage differ (Bennett, 1995 Thetimes100, 2009). The Stages of PLC: PLC has five stages 1. Development (pre-Launch), 2. Launch (Introduction), 3.Growth, 4.Maturity (Saturation), 5.Decline (Thetimes100, 2009). The development phase: In this stage, a firm has an idea and tries to make improvements to it, which is done by employing the researching skills for that purpose. This usually costs a lot of money in designing, production, advance promotion and if there were no sales, there would be no profit (Mark, 1998). The introduction phase: If the product agreed on, which a firm has decided to launch was its own innovative, unique one, normally, in this case, chances are less that any difficulty get in the way, especially and mainly from competitors. It remains at the beginning of this stage from the 4 Ps mentioned previously: promotion and place. A firm needs to create awareness, encourage sales, advertisement, public relations, and most importantly develop an image (Mark, 1998 Netmba, 2009). The growth phase: When a product achieves success, competitors will have reaction that entering market as quickly as possible. As a result promotional cost would increase in this stage for the sake of persuading consumers that the product of ours is better than other competitors (Mark, 1998 Netmba, 2009). The maturity phase: Competitors are rising sharply in the market and there is no space in for new copartners. Firm at this stage will exert all promotion options to preserve its brand loyalty within its own customers. However, at this stage sales and price begin fall down in the same time there are a large several of versions of product. By using different approaches competitors will detach part of market from the firm (Blythe, 2009). The decline phase: This is the stage leading towards the end. In other words, it is the stage where the death of the product begins to take place. There are a small number of balance sheet promotion sections which could manage it with. As much as the firm can keep its product on the life, it will still be able to earn some money. However, in this stage, varieties of versions are not available and the price might need to be raised (Blythe, 2009). â€Å"In fact, most decision to eliminate products is made on the basis of intuition and judgment rather than any formal analysis† (Blythe, 2009.pp:81-82). Strengths of the PLC. When used alongside analysis of sales figures and forecasts, PLC can be a powerful tool in providing guidance and marketing tactics that are appropriate at a particular stage (suite101, 2009). What are the keys of succeeding? Clearly, to allow a product to succeed and penetrate the market, it has to fulfill the needs of a sizable number of customers. With new products, this usually occurs automatically when the product possesses some new features which cannot be found in other existing products. Improvement in operation and technology is another cause of success (Dibb et al., 2006). Weakness of PLC. Even with using the PLC diagrams, there is no way to predict the length of each phase that the product is going to stagnate at. Furthermore, neither can it be used in forecasting accurately. These are the main failures and weakness points of the PLC model (Know this, 2004 mind tools, 2009). What is the fatal mistake which marketers do? Why do some products fail? The critical major mistake that marketers may neglect is when the product they introduce to the market does not meet the needs of the customer. This occurs for any of the following reasons: 1. the product does not offer value and therefore fails to progress in the marketplace. 2. The branding is ineffective or not well known. 3. Sometimes, the mistakecan be within the design. 4. In some other cases, technical problems appear. Moreover, Distribution and overestimation of the market size problems are considered a huge mistake which marketers can possibly commit (Dibb et al., 2006). What are the internal and external factors have effects on PLC? There are many features which effect PLC and the vital of them Product decisions and Consumer behavior. Product decisions (Internal factor): Product decisions include those intended to have an effect upon the firm primarily, then product, its sales, and, hence, its lifecycle and not related directly to the consumers. This is so clear in the example of Coca-Cola case below. Consumer behaviour (External factor): Decision making process elements are considered many three issues: First: Personal characteristics: personality, lifestyle, motivation, beliefs, attitudes, and perception. Second: Circumstances of the buyer: gender, age, family, life-cycle, income, and education level. Third: Social environment: culture, reference groups, and social class (Hill OSullivan, 1999). These are out-of-control factors that a firm has no hand on. They affect the life cycle of a product and given the name, external factors. In fact, this is not precisely the case. Because this is mainly more related to the customer buying that very product, a fair look at psychology can be devoted here to face any of the problems caused by any of the above factors. If looked more closely at the nature of this situation, one finds that it is concerned with decision-making process area of psychology. As soon as a consumer makes the decision to buy that product, which is what marketers look forward to, the business will begin a nd the product introduced will continue going through the stages to live its cycle. The external factor effect should be clear in the Kelloggs example later (Hill, OSullivan, 1999). Coca-Cola case study In this case study, it will be shown clearly that some of the products dont even reach the growth or the maturity stages but straightforward towards the declining stage. This was when Coca-Cola thought to launch its own bottles of water in 1993. â€Å"Dasani†, was the marketing name of the product. In the UK, what happened was that the factory had contaminated the bottles with what a cancer-causing chemical called â€Å"bromated†. This is different from the chemical substance â€Å"bromide†. The factory was using the tap water which comes normally from the Thames River. Then, this is being purified using the reverse Osmosis method of purification. After, this purified water is added to a batch of â€Å"Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)† and â€Å"bromide†. When Ozone gas is pumped into that batch, the bromide will be oxidized to â€Å"bromated†. This was mainly the reason for Coca-Cola to divest this kind of a product. Apparently, for this reason, the water of Thames River is being monitored to check the existence, or the concentration for that matter, is below the 10 micrograms per litre. This clearly shows how the internal factor effect here led to the end of the product (Dibb et al., 2006). Kelloggs Nutri-Grain Case study: In 1997, Kelloggs has achieved successes for approximately fifty per cent, which was part of the growing a puffed rice of market Perform in short time less than three years. Until 2002, sales continued growing and increasing within new improvements of flavour and ingredient to the original product. Nutri-Grain, as an example, grew gradually to be identified and recognised by the customers themselves. Nutri-Grain has changed customers understanding from missing breakfast to become a health daily snack. All Bran bars and Alpen bars are the main competitors of Nutri-Grain yet the interesting issue about the two is that both are from Kelloggs itself. However, there are others producing similar products to Nutri-Grain which slightly caused cutting of total profits. Each product of Kelloggs itself has a life cycle, some of which spend months within one stage and others, such as: Nutri-Grain spent years in only the growth stage. In the middle of 2004, Kelloggs noticed that Nutri-Grain sales started falling and losing its position. Meanwhile, the rate of market reached 15% of growing. It is obvious that Kelloggs should choose one of two decisions, either to withdraw Nutri-Grain or add some improvements to it to return it back to life (Thetimes100, 2009). Evaluation Simply, an analogy to the PLC is the life of a being. The living being starts developing from the moment it is born. Next step comes the stage of growth when it becomes a youth through towards maturity when it becomes adult. Finally, it dies which is similar to the withdrawal of a product from the market but before that it gets old; its sales show a decline. Having stated that, it shall be clear as to why be it that not all the products come through the lifecycle phases in the same pattern! As figure number 1 shows: The above plot shows the general typical life cycle that virtually every product should go through if no obstacles were on the way but the pattern differs. As expected in the research and development stage, the sales are zero since the product is not introduced to the market yet. Then, once it is introduced, the sales will begin and this is shown on the graph as sudden rise forming a curvature upwards shape. The rise continues until the stage of decline is reached and this is represented as a downward curvature shape indicated that the sales have fallen. In the development stage, small firms and big firms are not equal in terms of the precautions and the initiatives they take and so for the new and old companies. New Companies are more vulnerable to suffer from the consequences that the old ones and the reason for that is that the old have far more experience than the new firms. Big companies have a strong finical base which allows them to fight in the market with no fear. As have been stated above, in the introduction phase section, that the awareness and sales encouragement and more importantly the advertising is done actively at this stage. Doing the same kind of comparison between small and big firms, the latter have a variety of products in its production line which, in turn, adds a huge space for marketing activities such as, making ads about two or more products of their own, in other words, promotional effect dominates more than in the small firms. After passing the first two stages and the product reaches the growth stage safely, competitors reaction did not exist, both of the small and big firms are equal. However, if their reaction was catalyzed and competition was prevalent, they are not similar in the sense that the potential of each differs. As result, the course of action of each will be different and each will reap the harvest of competitors reaction differently, in accordance to their potential. Some products, although reach their decline stage, do not believe in what is called the decline phase and getting old. As a result, they overcome this problem and regain their position and popularity after taking the necessary strategies. This normally occurs when a little innovative tweak, be it a promotion, or an additional feature that is applied to the existing product. To reinforce the point of weakness mentioned earlier about the model that it fails to predict the exact time a product will spend at a certain stage, a set of examples are presented and exposed to evaluation. One of the examples is clothing. Cloths cannot be handled, to some extent, somehow to extend its life cycle as it is down to the fashion of the year. So, normally this kind of product lasts for no longer than a couple of months up to a year. (Know this, 2004) On the contrary, products like cars or bells live longer and can be trusted for at least five years or even more than that. These products life cycle, unlike the cloths, can be extended Products in between are prone to societies. A typical example is mobile phones. In some communities, people consider the mobile phone as fashionable item that is changeable each time a better, newer one is launched to the market. Others are fulfilled with it as being merely a mean of communication and that it is hard to do its job. Internal and external factors are equally as important. It has been seen in the example above how exceeded legal limit of bromate of a bottle of water has led Coca-Colas product towards death directly from the introduction phase; internal phase. Similarly with Nutri-Grain, Realistic snackers interest in healthy food, and it being the only healthy product have forced Kellogs to revitalize Nutri-Grain, external factor. Conclusion: PLC is a brief description or representation of a life cycle of a product in terms of graph. It is one of the powerful analysis tools in business generally and in marketing specifically. PLC mode can imply the possible strategies to be pursued in order to extend the life cycle of the product having known the stage at which the product is at standing. It can be concluded that in order to overcome this external factor, a marketer needs to play with the elements of decision-making process. By the death of the product, a complete description of the whole life of the product will be provided by the PLC model that can be used later on in the research and development stage of a new product. Business Culture Differences: USA and France Business Culture Differences: USA and France Globalisation has prompted many researchers to conduct intercultural studies. This report analyses the case of Southern Candles Tour De France and identifies several cultural differences. The ideas of Halls cultural model and Shannon-Weavers communication process will be presented with cultural issues. INTRODUCTION The purpose of report is to recognise the differences of business culture between U.S. and France and how they influence the cooperation of Southern and Belles companies. This report will be divided into three four dimensions. The first section presents a sequenced identification of cultural issues in the case. Theories of Halls and Shannon-Weaver models will be defined in the second section with clear tables and figure. The third section contains of some viewpoints about how the cultural issues relate to the chose models. Various perspectives of suggestions will be included in the last section. MEETING STRUCTURE Based on the research (1), the French prefer to have a flexible meeting and often change the plan easily, whereas, the Americans prefer to have a formal meeting and often adhere religiously to the plan (2). The conflict of meeting structure can be described as a cultural distinction. Conversely, this conflict can also significantly affect the positive impression of companies. For instance, the Americans may think that the French do not respect the meeting, and the French may think that the Americans are not creative. LUNCH TIME Another cultural issue between U.S. and France can be observed while Durand and his team members spent twenty minutes into meeting but used two hours break time to have a hot lunch. According to the research1, the Americans can just eat a small sandwich as their lunch and turn back to work, but a hot lunch is essential for the French to fulfill their energy. REACTION At the end of meeting, the reactions between Picard and Durand can also be considered as a cultural issue. U.S. people often present their reactions on surface (3); for instance, Picard gave a quick okay sign to his team members after finishing a well-presented meeting but the U.S. okay sign actually means zero or useless in France (4). Contrarily, the French frequently reserve their reaction and then release their decision after a series of discussion3. For example, Mr. Durand had decided not to corporate with Mr. Picard after two weeks consideration. DRESS APPEARANCE In Frenchs culture, formal dress look is very important at all times particularly in the meeting with high management level5. However, Picard made a mistake of this different cultural issue as only he took off the coat during the business meeting after an uncomfortable hot lunch. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION In France, eye contact, handshake, and double kiss are three main skills of non-verbal communication to show their friendly manner (6). In the case, Dubois extended a warm greeting in French to Durand. Nevertheless, the Americans usually avoid physical contact with people and this cultural issue creates an arrogant impression for the French1. WORK AND LIFE SEPARABILITY The problem of work and life separablity can be simply discovered when Picard kept mentioned several times the business meeting earlier in the day, but conversation always drifted back to social amenities. For the view of Durand, he has strong tendency to build lifetime relationship with Picard during the party dinner. However, Picard is accustomed to a short-term business relationship (2). LANGUAGE BARRIER The serious barrier between two central leaders is that they do not have same language to do deeper communication and this problem may have impact on building a trust business relationship. Although Picard has hired Dubois as his representative, the problem of different languages still significantly influences the interaction with Belles. For illustrate, Durand and his team members are repeatedly staring at Dubois because they think that she is the only person to give response so they put more concern on her reaction. LITERATURE REVIEW EDWARD TWICTHELL HALLS CULTURAL MODEL 1981 Hall is an anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher and he developed a cultural model that emphasised the importance of nonverbal signals and modes of awareness over explicit messages7. There are three fundamental dimensions: CONTEXT HIGH CONTEXT AND LOW CONTEXT Hall adds that high context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of message. A low-context communication is just the opposite, that is, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code7. The following table shows the characteristics of Halls high context culture and low context culture3: HIGH CONTEXT CULTURE LOW CONTEXT CULTURE Much convert and implicit message Much overt and explicit message Reserved actions Reactions on surface Distinct in groups and out groups Flexible in groups and out groups High commitment Low commitment Open and flexible time High organised time TIME -MONOCHRONIC AND POLYCHRONIC Hall explained that monochronic cultures value schedules and can evolve efficient bureaucracies. Polychronic cultures regard events as embedded in more of a simultaneous matrix of occurrences5. The following table gives the characteristics of two different time concepts (2): MONOCHRONIC POLYCHRONIC Do one work at a time Do multiple works at a time Concentrate on job Are highly distractible and subject to interruptions Are committed to the job Are committed to people and human relationships Work is clearly separate from personal time Work is clearly not separate from personal time SPACE (PROXEMICS) INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE Proxemics is the study of the human use of space within the context of culture. People handle space differently the way they do largely determined by the culture in which they are immersed9. Related to the case, only the theory of intimate and social distance will be provided. Intimate distance ranges from body contact to approximately 45 cm. At intimate distance, the presence of the other person is unmistakable (9). Social distance is the casual interaction-distance between acquaintances and strangers and ranges from 120 to 360 cm. Its close phase, 120 to 210 cm, is the characteristic of informal interaction9. The following figure shows that distance of Proxemics concept (10): SHANNON AND WEAVERS COMMUNICATION MODEL 1961 Shannons model of the communication process is a general model of the communication process that could be treated as the common ground of such diverse disciplines as journalism, rhetoric, linguistics, and speech and hearing sciences11. The following figure shows the communication process of Shannon-Weaver model (12): This model consists of 7 elements which are (13): Information source chooses desired message among a set of possible messages which can be mixture of any form of written or spoken, image or sound. Transmitter changes the message into the signal, also known as encoder. Message is the thing which is sent and received and all communication is about. Channel is the path that message passes through from the transmitter to the receiver. Receiver is the reverse transmitter which changes the signal back into the message, also known as decoder. Destination is the target place of the transmitted message. Noise is any unwanted additions to the transmitted signal which cause distortion or error in transmission. CASE ANALYSIS EDWARD TWITCHELL HALLS CULTURAL MODEL LES BELLES CHOSES Meeting Structure In the mind of the French, the meeting structure of U.S. represents low creativity and boring. In the mind of the Americans, Frances meeting structure is not organized and disciplined. Reaction Information is more likely transmitted in indirect way so the reaction is normally reserved. Reaction is normally appeared in a very direct way and also comes up with different signals. Interpersonal Relationship People always have strong boundaries and hard to adapt an outsider as part of their group. People are more flexible to accept outsider or a new culture. POLYCHRONIC MONOCHRONIC Schedule Schedule can be arranged independently if the better achievement can be established. Also, they do not mind to do multiple things simultaneously and always have a great involvement with human relationships since they are more concerned with family and friends. Time is very important as they often complete one project at a time or before the deadlines. Therefore, the Americans may think that time was dispersed with two hours lunch break and the French are not focused on the corporation. Work-life separability The issue of work-life separability also has direct impact on the corporation. Durand tended to create a close relationship with Picard but it was disturbed by irrelevantly conversation. The Americans typically follow the rules, show great respect for private property and less to build long-term relationship. So, Picard kept mentioned the works during personal time is eliminating the potential of cooperation. INTIMATE DISTANCE SOCIAL DISTANCE Interpersonal distance and Non-verbal communication People can accept the intimate distance mean that they often have body involvement with people or strangers. In the case, Durand and Dubois have an extended greeting in French. However, Mr. Picard did not have this action with Durand. People in the category of social distance mean that they have less body involvement with people and always in a common distance to do interaction with strangers. This kind of people usually avoids physical contact with people. Picard who from U.S. is a typical example. SHANNON-WEAVERS COMMUNICATION MODEL Destination Meeting Party dinner Decoder Durand receives the message and decodes the meaning Channel Dubois is the interpreter Encoder Picard sends the message and encodes the meaning Information sources Business proposal Ideas Opinions Noises Error messages, mistakes in translation, Wrong meaning created by interpreter Information source includes business proposal (written message), ideas, and argumentative opinion (spoken message) that were identified during meeting and party dinner. Transmitter is also called as encoder. In the case, Picard is the sender who is encoding the meaning. Message refers to the every information that was sent and received in the communication process. Channel will be the interpreter. For example, Dubois is responsible for translating the meaning for Picard and Durand. Receiver is also known as decoder. In this case, Durand may change the received messages and signals back into his preferred language or meanings. Destination refers to the meeting or the target place to do presentation in the case. Noises may include the error messages and meanings due to Picard and Durand are using different languages. RECOMMENDATIONS MEETING ALERT In France, people will never skip lunch and they are allowed to have lunch at least forty-five minutes at the company cafeteria and ninety minutes at a restaurant 14. Picard should have awareness of the Frenchs office hours and lunch hours and schedule the best time to have meeting. BUSINESS DRESS CODE If dealing with senior management level in France, a formal suit and well business dress code are highly needed15. Social gathering requires tastefully coordinated clothes even the invitation card with states that informal dress15. During the meeting, Picard should sustain his formal dress appearance. CONVERSATION Language barrier between Picard and Durand creates a resistance in their conversation. The best way to remove the barrier is to learn the same language; however, it could not be reached in a short period. There are some tips for Picard to increase the potential of success16: Practice effective communication as much as possible Convey ideas in a positive, clear and convincing manner PROSPEROUS ENTERTAINING Actually, a business meeting is not supposed to be conducted during lunch or dinner. However, sharing a meal is intended to help establish a personal acquaintance17. In France, business lunches are the most common form of entertaining business contacts18. For that reason, Picard can use a business lunch to present his sincerity of cooperation and his respect to the Frenchs culture. PUBLIC BEHAVIOUR In Frenchs culture, some non-verbal communication actions are expected to be performed19. To gain more familiarity with French, Picard should learn some greeting behaviour and avoid some objectionable public behaviors. GIFT-GIVING In France, gifts are expected for social events, especially as thank you after a dinner party20. When Picard was invited to the party dinner after meeting, he should awake that gifts-giving for the host is important to show an honor manner in the Frenchs culture. CONCLUSION After looking the ideas of Hall and Shannon-Weaver, it is easier to understand why problems occur from different cultural backgrounds. These ideas especially help in workplace and international cooperation. The recommendations proposed will provide a guideline on how to cooperate and avoid some unpleasant problems. References 1. http://www.understandfrance.org/France/Intercultural3.html 2. http://hackvan.com/pub/stig/etext/monochronic-vs-polychronic-time.txt 3. http://www.siu.edu/~ekachai/dimensions.html 4. http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=France:_Public_Behaviour 5. http://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Meals-and-Entertaining-in-France.html 6. http://www.culture-at-work.com/highlow.html 7. Hall, E.T. (1998). Basic concepts of intercultural communication: The Power of Hidden Differences. Maine: Intercultural Press Inc. 8. Hall, E. T. (1983). The dance of life: The other dimension of time. New York: Random House. 9. Hall Edward T.: The hidden dimension, 1966, Doubleday Company, Inc. 10. Tool for Proxemic research: Edward T. Half, A System for the Notation of Proxemic Research, American Anthropologist, Vol. 65, 1963, pp. 1003-1026. 11.http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#TheShannonWeaverMathematicalModel1949 12. http://faculty.mdc.edu/jmcnair/Communication%20Theory%20A%20First%20Look.htm 13. http://www.zainbooks.com/books/mass-communication/introduction-to-mass-communication_4_elements-of-communication-and-early-communication-models.html 14. http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=France:_Appointment_Alert! 15. http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=France:_Business_Dress 16. http://plushtext.com/6-ways-to-communicate-more-effectively-in-the-workplace 17. http://www.worldbusinessculture.com/Meals-and-Entertaining-in-France.html 18. http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=France:_Prosperous_Entertaining 19. http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=France:_Public_Behaviour 20. http://www.executiveplanet.com/index.php?title=France:_Gift_Giving

Gun Violence in America

Gun violence in America is not at all as bad as it is in Sierra Leone and other countries with war and little law enforcement as we read about in the book a long way gone. In the book the main character Ishmael discovers that America is not at all like he heard through rap songs. When he moves to America and tells his story of being a soldier and killing people the people he talks to about it think that it is cool and Ishmael states in the book â€Å"violence in America is romanticized. I do agree with this statement that we do make war look easy and fun through movies and video games. We do not understand what it is like to be in a war and witness killing and bloodshed every day. Gun violence in America is not understood by very many people most people blame guns for killing people but it is not the guns that kill people it is people that kill people either by accident or on purpose in a murder. This is seen in the statistics â€Å"gun violence has gone up from 10,000 victims in 1975 to 15,000 victims in 1995.† This information proves that violence has gone up with the increases in gangs and the lessening of guns in households and teaching of gun safety. Also, 98% of gang homicides involve guns. Gun violence in America has been on the increase, since 1975 when there were less than 27 gun related death. In 1999 it increased to 80 deaths every day. http://www .gun-control-network.org/GF01.htm. Gun deaths are not only homicides nearly 58% are suicide. Another statistic is one hundred cities with populations of 250,000 or more have reported a tremendous amount of gang activity. When there is gang activity there is an increased amount of homicides. There are so many active gangs in the United States. They range from the crypts to the bloods and they are known worldwide. These are not the only gangs there are many more not mentioned. However, 94% of gang members are male and only 6% are female. It’s not a surprise that 77% of murdered juveniles were killed by a gun. With the increased gang activity in the United States 39% of households have a gun. In the United States many people have a fear of guns but guns aren’t something to fear. If everybody had a gun and knew how to use it then we would all have protection from people that want to harm us with a gun. If guns were outlawed then there would be riots and the murder rate would go up because the people that want to do good with them would not be able to protect themselves and others, the people that want to harm others with a gun would not turn in their gun and would be able to harm other people with little fear. Violence is seen everywhere in today’s society on the news, movies, videogames, and in our lives. This violence lends the illusion to our society today that violence is cool and fun and only portrays the faà §ade that our society has created. The general public does not even begin to understand the traumatic images that our soldiers have come back with and we think that the war we see on the news is like the movies that we watch on T.V. but we cannot begin to imagine.

William Shakespeare s Sonnet 116 - 981 Words

William Shakespeare was born in April of 1564. His exact date of birth is unknown. By the time he passed away on April 23, 1616 he was regarded worldwide as the greatest writer in the English language. He was a playwright, poet, and actor. Unfortunately, he passed away at an early age of fifty-two and the world will never know what other great works he would have produced. â€Å"To the world, he left a lasting legacy in the form of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, and two narrative poems† (â€Å"The Life of William Shakespeare†). William Shakespeare’s plays, sonnets, and narrative poems are still appreciated and read today. One of his famous works is his sonnet, Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds, which is also referred to as sonnet 116. Sonnet 116 was first published in the year 1609. In his sonnet Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds, Shakespeare’s use of end rhyme, iambic pentameter, and metaphors which allows the reader to understand what Shakespeare f elt that true love should be like. Shakespearean sonnets, also known as Elizabethan sonnets, were sonnets that Shakespeare used quite often. Shakespearean sonnets (Elizabethan sonnets) consist of fourteen lines, has an iambic pentameter rhythm, and has three quatrains and one couplet. A quatrain is a type of stanza that consists of four lines. A couplet is two lines of a verse. The quatrains in Shakespearean sonnets have alternating end rhymes and the couplet is rhymed. Having end rhyme in a poem creates a rhyming pattern so theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 116944 Words   |  4 Pages ‘Sonnet 116’ by William Shakespeare and ‘What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, And Where, And Why† by Edna St. Vincent Millay are both sonnets that discuss companionship and a glimpse of the poets’ experiences. 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These two sonnets perfectly complement and clarify each otherRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 291399 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch of his lifetime Shakespeare was better known and more admired as a poet than as a playwright,† (Nelles, Par.1) one can argue that William Shakespeare is one of the most brilliant and fascinating British poets, not only of his time, but also to this day. His work is everlasting and promising. Hence, we are still talking about him and discussing his work in the 21st century. His poems leave the reader inspired and wanting more. The techniques he used for his poems and sonnets are a bstract and authoritativeRead MoreClose Reading of Sonnet Essay example1391 Words   |  6 PagesClose Reading of Sonnet 116 Written by William Shakespeare 2011 â€Å"Sonnet 116† written by William Shakespeare is focusing on the strength and true power of love. Love is a feeling that sustainable to alterations, that take place at certain points in life, and love is even stronger than a breakup because separation cannot eliminate feelings. The writer makes use of metaphors expressing love as a feeling of mind not just heart as young readers may see it. To Shakespeare love is an immortalRead MoreAnalysis of Two of the Best Williams Shakespeares Work1273 Words   |  6 Pagesleader in classical poetry and drama, English writer William Shakespeare, captures the passion and emotions that the romance and depths of the human heart experiences in life. This is especially shown in his vast collection of sonnets which exemplified the â€Å"carpe diem† ideology of the period, and the love that one can have for another. Two of the most famous of Shakespeare’s works, Sonnet 55 [Not Marble, nor the gilded monuments] and sonnet 116 [Let me not to the marriage of true minds], are no exceptionRead MoreSonnet 116 And John Donne1059 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 116† and John Donne’s â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† similarly explore the theme of everlasting true love. However, both poems differ in rhyme scheme, techniques, and meaning. The poets use these tools to convey to the reader that everlasting true love does in fact exist. Although both speak so passionately about said love, only the speaker of Donne’s poem has actually experienced it. While both poems explicate eternal true love, their rhyme scheme differencesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 30960 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare s writing about love is exceptionally deep and intensely layered with numerous implications and utilization of rhyme and metaphors. The power of feeling, the profundity of thought, and serious creative energy are all to be found in his sonnets. Shakespeare s Sonnets clarify the value of human relationships by showing that friendship can end one’s own sadness, that love should be commemorated, and that marriage between true minds is loyal and consistent. â€Å"But if the while

12 Writers Discuss the Writing Process

For almost a decade, the Writers on Writing column in The New York Times provided professional writers with an opportunity to talk about their craft. Two collections of these columns have been published: Writers on Writing: Collected Essays from The New York Times (Times Books, 2001)Writers on Writing, Volume II: More Collected Essays from The New York Times (Times Books, 2004). Although most of the contributors have been novelists, the insights they offer into the process of writing should be of interest to all writers. Here are excerpts from 12 of the authors who have contributed pieces to Writers on Writing. Geraldine BrooksWrite what you know. Every guide for the aspiring author advises this. Because I live in a long-settled rural place, I know certain things. I know the feel of a newborn lambs damp, tight-curled fleece and the sharp sound a well-bucket chain makes as it scrapes on stone. But more than these material things, I know the feelings that flourish in small communities. And I know other kinds of emotional truths that I believe apply across the centuries. (July 2001) Richard Ford  Beware of writers who tell you how hard they work. (Beware of anybody who tries to tell you that.) Writing is indeed often dark and lonely, but no one really has to do it. Yes, writing can be complicated, exhausting, isolating, abstracting, boring, dulling, briefly exhilarating; it can be made to be grueling and demoralizing. And occasionally it can produce rewards. But its never as hard as, say, piloting an L-1011 into OHare on a snowy night in January, or doing brain surgery when you have to stand up for 10 hours straight, and once you start you cant just stop. If youre a writer, you can stop anywhere, any time, and no one will care or ever know. Plus, the results might be better if you do. (November 1999) Allegra Goodman  Carpe diem. Know your literary tradition, savor it, steal from it, but when you sit down to write, forget about worshiping greatness and fetishizing masterpieces. If your inner critic continues to plague you with invidious comparisons, scream, Ancestor worship! and leave the building. (March 2001) Mary GordonIts a bad business, this writing. No marks on paper can ever measure up to the words music in the mind, to the purity of the image before its ambush by language. Most of us awake paraphrasing words from the Book of Common Prayer, horrified by what we have done, what we have left undone, convinced that there is no health in us. We accomplish what we do, creating a series of stratagems to explode the horror. Mine involve notebooks and pens. I write by hand. (July 1999) Kent HarufAfter finishing the first draft, I work for as long as it takes (for two or three weeks, most often) to rework that first draft on a computer. Usually that involves expansion: filling in and adding to, but trying not to lose the spontaneous, direct sound. I use that first draft as a touchstone to make sure everything else in that section has the same sound, the same tone and impression of spontaneity. (November 2000) Alice HoffmanI wrote to find beauty and purpose, to know that love is possible and lasting and real, to see day lilies and swimming pools, loyalty and devotion, even though my eyes were closed and all that surrounded me was a darkened room. I wrote because that was who I was at the core, and if I was too damaged to walk around the block, I was lucky all the same. Once I got to my desk, once I started writing, I still believed anything was possible. (August 2000) Elmore LeonardNever use an adverb to modify the verb said ... he admonished gravely. To use an adverb this way (or almost any way) is a mortal sin. The writer is now exposing himself in earnest, using a word that distracts and can interrupt the rhythm of the exchange. (July 2001) Walter Mosley  If you want to be a writer, you have to write every day. The consistency, the monotony, the certainty, all vagaries and passions are covered by this daily reoccurrence. You dont go to a well once but daily. You dont skip a childs breakfast or forget to wake up in the morning. Sleep comes to you each day, and so does the muse. (July 2000) William Saroyan  How do you write? You write, man, you write, thats how, and you do it the way the old English walnut tree puts forth leaf and fruit every year by the thousands. ... If you practice an art faithfully, it will make you wise, and most writers can use a little wising up. (1981) Paul West  Of course the writer cannot always burn with a hard gemlike flame or a white heat, but it should be possible to be a chubby hot-water bottle, rendering maximum attentiveness in the most enterprising sentences. (October 1999) Donald E. WestlakeIn the most basic way, writers are defined not by the stories they tell, or their politics, or their gender, or their race, but by the words they use. Writing begins with language, and it is in that initial choosing, as one sifts through the wayward lushness of our wonderful mongrel English, that choice of vocabulary and grammar and tone, the selection on the palette, that determines whos sitting at that desk. Language creates the writers attitude toward the particular story hes decided to tell. (January 2001) Elie WieselAcutely aware of the poverty of my means, language became an obstacle. At every page, I thought, Thats not it. So I began again with other verbs and other images. No, that wasnt it either. But what exactly was that it I was searching for? It must have been all that eludes us, hidden behind a veil so as not to be stolen, usurped and trivialized. Words seemed weak and pale. (June 2000)

Our Life Time By Harry Potter - 1359 Words

December 14, 2016 Imagine, the most famous childhood novel of our life time, and the biggest money maker in Hollywood, being challenged in a court case? A beloved children s hero was almost sent to book section for censored books. The Harry Potter Series almost did not make it to the children of Cedarville School District of Arkansas. In this court case, the school board of Cedarville, Arkansas voted to deny students access to the Harry Potter books. The grounds on why they wanted to ban the books were because the Harry Potter books were unfit for their students and could lead to rebellion. Many authors of other famous childhood series’ such as Judy Blume stood behind the Counts family (who sued the school district) and showed support with J.K. Rowling, as well the President for the American Booksellers Association for Free Expression, Chris Finan. In 2003, he stated that It is incredible that school officials have censored books that are exciting a whole generation of kid s about reading,(Grogran) Many believed that the Cedarville School District was at fault, however, the argument for the censorship for the Harry Potter Books was keen to members of the school board. The court’s decision rested on what was good for the students. If this case in the end favored the school board, it could have possibly influenced other school districts around the nation to censor the Harry Potter Series. It was not only a clear violation of the students’ rights but a withholdingShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Odysseus And Harry Potter759 Words   |  4 PagesOnce upon a time, our world was born. Through evolution, the human race finally emerged on this planet. Powerful intelligent people will be the leader of the tribe. We called these people ‘heroes’. There are a lot of heroes that have been born in this world. Some are the actual people, some are the people in our imagination. Here are two heroes from our imagination who don†™t even exist in this world but always stay in our mind. Odysseus and Harry Potter are well-known heroes. They both have similarRead MoreEssay on Biblical Themes Within the Harry Potter Series688 Words   |  3 PagesBook five.) The book series entitled Harry Potter has Biblical themes hidden beneath all of the spells, charms, and enchantments. Harry Potter, in my own opinion, is very Christ like and I feel like the book series could be looked at like a modernized version of the bible. He resembles Jesus Christ in multiple ways. J.K Rowling has subtly featured religious symbolism in her books such as, Harry dying for the wizarding world much like Jesus died willingly for our sins. After they died, they were bothRead MoreHarry Potter874 Words   |  4 PagesJoanne Rowling was born in July 1965 in a small town near Bristol in the UK. She is a true copy of the whole â€Å"Rags to Riches story†. Her teen years were terrible. She quotes: I wasn’t particularly happy. I think it’s a dreadful time of life. She had a difficu lt home life; her mother was ill and she had a difficult relationship with her father (as of 2012 she is no longer on speaking terms with him). After studying hard in Paris and moving back to London, Joanne started working as a researcherRead MoreGenerations Of The Harry Potter Fandom : New And Old1654 Words   |  7 Pages Generations of the Harry Potter Fandom: New and Old What will J.K. Rowling come up with next? As a fan of the Harry Potter film and book series, I grew up with the many adventures of Harry Potter and his heroic friends. From his first experiences at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to the epic, heart pounding battle that not only ended with the (spoiler alert) defeat of Harry Potter’s nemesis Voldermort, but also the loss of many of his dear friends and family. Each and every fan out thereRead MoreList Of All Harry Potter Books1243 Words   |  5 PagesList of all Harry Potter Books to Buy Online Just about anyone who has lived on the planet earth for the past couple of decades has heard of Harry Potter. Harry Potter is a seemingly ordinary boy who became a mighty conqueror of evil wizards, warlocks, witches, and goblins. Unknown to him, The Dark Lord, Voldemort, attempted to take Harry’s life when he was only a baby because he knew of Harry’s destiny. However, instead of killing Harry, he killed Harry’s parents instead. Harry was sent to liveRead MoreEssay on Harry Potter1424 Words   |  6 Pages Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone â€Å"A giant of a man was standing in the doorway. His face was almost completely hidden by a long, shaggy mane of hair and a wild tangled beard, but you could make out his eyes, glinting like black beetles under all the hair† (pg 46). The previous passage is a wonderful and tasteful description of the first introduction of Hagrid from J. K. Rowling’s novel, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. This book gives intimate detail and overwhelming amounts of vividRead MoreA Brief Biography of J.K. Rowling1338 Words   |  5 PagesYou will probably fail a couple times but in the end it will be worth it and you will profit from the hard effort. Joanne (J.K.) Rowling is a truly inspirational person that has benefitted to the lives of people of all ages around the world through her children books. Life of J.K. Rowling On July 31,1965 Joanne Rowling was born in Yate, England (J.K. Rowling Biography). At age four her family moved to Winterbourne where she met two siblings with the last name Potter. This later contributed to theRead MoreHarry Potter and the Religious Right Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesseven books in the Harry Potter series are some of the most popular books of all time. Millions of children and adults around the world crave everything to do with Harry. From the midnight book release parties to new movie releases to the new Wizarding World of Harry Potter theme park, fans, the world over, love Harry and cant seem to get enough of him. While scores of fans immerse themselves in the fantasy world of Harry Potter, there are some people that believe that Harry Potter is the work of theRead MoreThe Harry Potter Book Series Written By J.k. Rowling1468 Words   |  6 PagesThe Harry Potter book series written by J.K. Rowling took the world by storm when The Sorcerer’s Stone was re leased in 1997. Adults, teens, and children around the world read and enjoyed the following six books and movies by buying robes and wands, and waiting patiently in long lines at midnight for the release of the newest films. Harry’s story has been translated into 60 languages and has been so successful that J.K. Rowling was the first person to ever become a billionaire by being a writer. EvenRead MoreJ. K. Rowling: The Incredible Impact of Harry Potter Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesJ. K. Rowling is the author of the best-selling Harry Potter series. As Bruno Bettelheim says, â€Å"If we hope to live not just moment to moment, but in true consciousness of our existence, then our greatest need and most difficult achievement is to find meaning in our lives† (Bettelheim 2). †when children are young, it is literature that carries such information best† (Bettelheim 4). In literary circles, mention of Rowling or her work is likely to raise some tempers. Criti cs find her work â€Å"antithetical

Nursing Knowledge Free Essays

What makes Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) a great source of knowledge for nursing references? It produces and disseminates systematic reviews of health care interventions and promotes the search for evidence in the form of clinical trials and other studies. The column by JBI will cover a broad range of topics and will appear periodically in AJN. With reference to its official website, http://www. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now joannabriggs.edu.au, The Joanna Briggs Collaboration is a coordinated effort by a group of self-governing collaborative centres, coordinated through the leadership of The Joanna Briggs Institute. The legitimate operations of The Joanna Briggs Collaboration include the promotion of evidence-based health care; education and training; conducting of systematic reviews; the development of Best Practice Information Sheets; the implementation of evidence-based practice; and the conduct of evaluation cycles and primary research arising out of systematic reviews. Various collaborating centre have teamed up to produce excellent and up to date sources that are relatively relevant in medical field. A good source of research should be current, concise, and give factual evidences. The website also contains electronic copies of all JBI collaboration publications that includes such as; Best Practice Information Sheets, systematic reviews, evaluation cycle reports and practice manuals. What’s most important about this research source is that the evidence library offers a variety of reports such as product and technical reports, executive summaries, review protocols, and a Cochrane library. For further research, it offers various database such as a systematic review database and database of abstract reviews of effects. Overall, this research source will definitely help someone to find pertinent facts and information on medical field. Sigma Theta Tau International As a knowledge and leadership organization, the Honor Society of Nursing, Sigma Theta Tau International responds to health and nursing profession trends and issues that are germane to its mission.( http://www.nursingsociety.org/resources/main.html) The site is a good start point for research, here you will find; ØÂ   Resources and Position Papers – Position statements and resource papers about trends and key issues that are developed by the society. ØÂ   Global Alliances – affiliations alliances of society with other eminent international organizations for stronger organization. ØÂ   Various Organizational Affiliates ØÂ   National Quality Measures Clearinghouse – NQMC, sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), it is a public storehouse for evidence-based quality measures and measure sets. The site offers more than a research source; it also acts a focal point for nursing communities where they can exchange information on various aspects of nursing. There is also a special link for student nurse resources and society resources. As they value their members they offer mentoring programs to enhance the leadership and potential skills of nurses. Its commitment does not only rely to library resources and research but also dedicated to its society, community and fellow members. They also have a foundation that serves the culmination of overall purpose of the organization. Certain communities are established to promote well being and participation in socio civic cultural activities of nurses. In general, this site offers a great mixture of facts, information, and interaction made by nurses to its fellow nurses. A well informative site that serves as a ground for various nurses all through out; thus, with the organization mission and vision that will has a parallel principle which will serve as continuous commitment to the society. References: http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au http://www.nursingsociety.org/resources/main.html How to cite Nursing Knowledge, Essay examples

Business Corporate Prosecution Law

Question: Discuss about the case study for Business Corporate Prosecution Law. Answer: Introduction: In the research article, David Cohen: The PMs Plan for Sink Estates is Welcome-But Must Go Further the author David Cohen talks about the development of sink estates in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. For case, a sink estate refers as a British council housing estate that is demonstrated by high levels of economic as well as social deprivation (Cohen, 2016). Along with this, the author also describe that the development and reconstruction of Britains sink estates is a great idea for the development of the nation. On the other hand, David Cameron (the prime minister) played a significant role in order to develop the plan and model for the reconstruction of the sink estates in a proper way. Apart from this, the PM also played a critical role in order to address the chronic poverty and gang violence of the estates in a clear way. Moreover, the government also provided support to implement these plans and also provided funds in order to execute the agendas in an appropriate and effective manner (Cohen, 2015). The PM stated that our model was to support community projects that are initiated by residents, and the Government of the nation came good with an assurance of 400,000. Along with this, the PM Cameron affirmed that it is essential to take a major step for the reconstruction of the sink estates. The main reason behind it is that the decades of neglect has led to gangs antisocial behavior as well as entrenched poverty within the areas. But, David Cameron describes that what must be first step to implement these agendas. First, we should focus to tackle poverty. Or, we should promote right-to- buy affordable housing to rebuild sink states in an effective way (Caroline, 2015). It is a subject of concern because of from a tackling poverty perspective this would be a degraded disappointment, however from a housing stock perspective it has its allure. On the other hand, numerous housing estates sit cheek by cheek with avenues where properties offer for upwards of a million pounds. Moreover, by modifying skyscraper estates as low-ascent alluring housing, and after that making them accessible to purchase or lease, we can discharge enough value to assemble substitution housing in less salubrious regions- consequently satisfying the guarantee to give occupants a home and keep up or even build the housing stock (Boffey, 2016). As a result; it seems that the goal is not compatible in an easy way. In addition to this, the other problem was that affordable housing was an ambiguous term for the people. According to Cameron the rebuilt housing should be both affordable to rent as well as to buy. It is because of more than half of council estate residents are unemployed or else low-waged. As a result, it will be unfeasible for the people to afford to buy the rebuilt houses (Cohen, 2016). Hence, David Cameron suggested that upgrading facilities would be an outstanding way to start for the reconstruction of the sink estates in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Michele Dix: Crossrail 2 Must Get the Green Light Now for Londons Economy In the research article, Michele Dix: Crossrail 2 Must Get the Green Light Now for Londons Economy, the author Michele Dix talks about the development of the economy of the nation. The Prime Minister David Cameron is making effort for the development of the nation. The government of the nation wants to see the nation fully economic developed nation in 2016. The government is also making efforts in order to develop the transport system of the nation in an effective and a significant manner (Dix, 2016). The government has been developed some important projects to develop the transportation system in a proper way. For case, Crossrail 2 is a central project of the nation. This project would also be beneficial to connect northern cities and to develop infrastructure of the nation in a more comprehensive manner. On the other hand, the author describes that the project Crossrail 2 requires a green light of the government as soon as possible. It is because of the previous project Crossrail 1 will have taken ten years to construct. The implementation of Crossrail 2 is essential in order to upgrade the Tube and national rail lines for the future of the nation. In addition to this, the major problem with this project Crossrail 2 is that it needs huge amount of money to invest. So, there is need of the quick action of the government of the nation. It is because of if the government will take more times to make decisions related to the investment then there are more chances of the failure of the project (CRERAR, 2016). As a result; the project Crossrail 2 needs green light for the economic development of London. In addition to this, the author states that Crossrail 2 is also urgent in light of the fact that it's not just about building a railroad. Apart from this, Crossrail 2 will drive new house-constructing, a problem that needs to be addressed for London. It is intentionally steered through ranges with open doors for housing growth. Altogether, Crossrail 2 would also beneficial for the development of 200,000 new homes and would also support 200,000 new employments within the nation (Leam, 2016). In this way, the project Crossrail 2 would be helpful to produce approximately 102 billion for the economy of nation. As a result, the project Crossrail 2 is obtaining strong support of the public of the nation. Along with this, the author describes that; Crossrail 2 will also be helpful for the economic, financial, and social development of the nation. The main reason behind it is that the project will improve the transport system of the nation. As a result; it will connect cities with each-other and also improve the trade within the nation. Consequently, it will be beneficial for the overall development of the nation (Mitchell, 2016). In this way, it can be said that, the government of the nation must provide green light to the project Crossrail 2 quickly. Fraud Chief Calls for Tougher Corporate Prosecution Laws In the research article, Fraud Chief Calls for Tougher Corporate Prosecution Laws, the author Martin Bentham talks about the corporate prosecution laws for the welfare of the businesses. The author describes that these laws are essential in order to protect business organizations and to punish businesses that are liable for the financial crime within the nation. On the other hand, the corporate prosecution laws would also be beneficial to prevent banks as well as other large corporations from any unlawful activity (Bentham, 2016). In this way, the corporate prosecution laws would be helpful to provide an environment of peace within the nation. In addition to this, the author states that, the corporate prosecution laws should be changed. The main reason behind it is that American prosecutors have more power than the people of the nation. Along with this, these laws are not followed by the business organizations in a proper manner. For case, on the off chance that somebody is acting criminally throughout their work and a portion of their thought process is to advantage the organization then anything they do makes the organization liable and that is very simple for the people (TheGuardian. 2016). On the other hand, the author describes that there is a lack of action on order to implement corporate prosecution laws to stop criminal activities in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. This is the major reason that business organizations and banks such as: Deutsche Bank, Barclays and RBS have been fined by regulators for market manipulation and they did not faced any corporate prosecution. Furthermore, the author states that this lack of action has been criticized by politicians, ex-director of public prosecutions, and others. In this way, in current, corporate prosecution laws have become a major subject of concern for the nation. In addition to this, the author describes that corporate prosecution laws are only beneficial in order to protect the reputation as well as money-generating capacity of the nation. Imagine, there were a practice in the finance or banking industry that was understood and boundless and criminal, then the partnerships themselves, on the off chance that they knew of that practice and permitted it to proceed with (CPS. 2016). In this situation, why they should not be subject for it and also the people who lead the criminality? The new wrongdoing would make the bank itself, or the partnership, subject criminally. Moreover, the author states that, in current, the corporate prosecution laws have become illogical and not able to provide justice to the people. These laws are only improving money-generating capacity of the nation. They are unable to demonstrate transparency in corporate structures (Garrett, 2014). As a result, it can be said that, the corporate prosecution laws must be change. These laws must be followed by the people. There must be strict rules and regulations in order to implement the corporate prosecution laws within the nation in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. References Bentham, M., 2016. Fraud chief calls for tougher corporate prosecution laws. Available At: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/fraud-chief-calls-for-tougher-corporate-prosecution-laws-a3150011.html Boffey, D. 2016. David Camerons 140m to tear down sink estates turns out to be a loan. Available At: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/feb/27/david-cameron-sink-estates-fund-turns-out-to-be-loan Caroline, D. 2015. David Cameron vows to blitz poverty by demolishing UK's worst sink estates. Available At: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/jan/09/david-cameron-vows-to-blitz-poverty-by-demolishing-uks-worst-sink-estates Cohen, D., 2015. The Estate We're In: David Cameron praises Standard project to improve neglected areas and backs it with 400,000. Available At: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/the-estate-were-in-david-cameron-praises-standard-project-to-improve-neglected-areas-and-backs-it-a3093736.html Cohen, D., 2016. David Cohen: The PMs plan for sink estates is welcome-but must go further. Available At: https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/david-cohen-the-pm-s-plan-for-sink-estates-is-welcome-but-must-go-further-a3154286.html CPS. 2016. Corporate Prosecutions. Available At: https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/a_to_c/corporate_prosecutions/ CRERAR, P., 2016. Crossrail 2 route gets the green light. Available At: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/crossrail-2-gets-the-green-light-a3200286.html Dix, M., 2016. Michele Dix: Crossrail 2 Must Get The Green Light Now For Londons Economy. Available At: https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/mich-le-dix-crossrail-2-must-get-the-green-light-now-for-london-s-economy-a3150656.html Garrett, B.L. 2014. Too Big to Jail: How Prosecutors Compromise with Corporations. Harvard University Press. Leam, D., 2016. A green light for Crossrail 2. Available At: https://londonfirst.co.uk/a-green-light-for-crossrail-2/ Mitchell, J., 2016. Independent body gives green light to Crossrail 2 and urges ministers to make construction a 'priority' in south west London. Available At: https://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/14336247.Independent_body_gives_green_light_to_Crossrail_2_and_urges_ministers_to_make_construction_a__priority_/?ref=mrlp=17 TheGuardian. 2016. Law to be toughened up to stop companies benefiting from fraud. Available At: https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/sep/02/tougher-laws-stop-companies-benefiting-from-fraud